constitutional revolution and encounter of iranians with janus faces of modernity

a response to the problem of irans backwardness preoccupied the minds of intellectual and political forces. since irans failure from russia while different domestic and external factors caused to defeat, differend and even contending views concerning irans backwardness played a key role in these failures. these diverse and contending views which arised at first in compilation of laws and establishment of civic and political institutions, after the constitutional revolution, caused a major challenge between tradition and modernity. in this regard, different trends which appeared immediately after the constitutional revolution and kept their structure till present, can be categorized in three items including: modernism (consisting liberal democracy, social democracy and marxism), traditionalism (including conservatism, theologism and egalitarianism or justice-centrism) and religions revivalism. this article examines these categories and explains their response to the issue of modernity and backwardness.